{"id":3028,"date":"2018-02-08T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2018-02-07T23:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/histoire-en-citations.fr\/WP\/2025\/06\/19\/montesquieu-il-ny-a-point-encore-de-liberte-si\/"},"modified":"2025-07-19T09:17:02","modified_gmt":"2025-07-19T07:17:02","slug":"montesquieu-il-ny-a-point-encore-de-liberte-si","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/histoire-en-citations.fr\/WP\/montesquieu-il-ny-a-point-encore-de-liberte-si\/","title":{"rendered":"Montesquieu : \u00ab Il n&#039;y a point encore de libert\u00e9 si&#8230; \u00bb"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"field-item even\">\n<blockquote>\n<p class=\"citation\"><span class=\"enonce\">\u00ab\u00a0Il n\u2019y a point encore de libert\u00e9 si la puissance de juger n\u2019est pas s\u00e9par\u00e9e de la puissance l\u00e9gislative et de l\u2019ex\u00e9cutrice.\u00a0\u00bb\u202f<span id=\"1011\" class=\"cit-num\">1011<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"auteur\"><span data-href=\"\/auteurs\/baron-de-la-brede-et-de-montesquieu\"><span class=\"author\"><span class=\"name\"><span class=\"caps\">MONTESQUIEU<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> (1689-1755), <cite><span class=\"caps\">L\u2019E<\/span>sprit des Lois<\/cite> (1748)<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>C\u2019est le fameux principe de la s\u00e9paration des pouvoirs\u00a0: \u00ab\u00a0Tout serait perdu si le m\u00eame homme, ou le m\u00eame corps\u00a0 exer\u00e7ait ces trois pouvoirs\u00a0: celui de faire les lois, celui d\u2019ex\u00e9cuter les r\u00e9solutions publiques, et celui de juger les crimes ou les diff\u00e9rends des particuliers.\u00a0\u00bb<\/p>\n<p>La constitution anglaise, monarchique en apparence, r\u00e9publicaine en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, pr\u00e9sente un bon \u00e9quilibre des trois pouvoirs\u00a0: elle s\u00e9duit fort le philosophe qui l\u2019a vu fonctionner sur place. <em>La D\u00e9claration des droits de l\u2019homme et du citoyen<\/em> (article\u00a016) consacrera cette s\u00e9paration des pouvoirs, en 1789.<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p class=\"citation-small\">\u00ab\u00a0Pour qu\u2019on ne puisse abuser du pouvoir, il faut que par la disposition des choses le pouvoir arr\u00eate le pouvoir.\u00a0\u00bb\u202f<span id=\"1012\" class=\"cit-num\">1012<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"auteur\"><span class=\"caps\">MONTESQUIEU<\/span> (1689-1755), <em>L\u2019Esprit des Lois<\/em> (1748)<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>En plus de la s\u00e9paration des pouvoirs, l\u2019ancien magistrat souhaite leur \u00e9quilibre\u00a0: pouvoirs interm\u00e9diaires (noblesse, Parlements) face \u00e0 l\u2019arbitraire royal. D\u2019o\u00f9 une monarchie temp\u00e9r\u00e9e, tr\u00e8s loin du r\u00e9gime devenu despotique sous Mazarin, Richelieu, Louis\u00a0<span class=\"caps\">XIV<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>Les Monarchiens des premiers mois de la R\u00e9volution tenteront de faire triompher cette \u00e9volution qui aurait fait l\u2019\u00e9conomie d\u2019une r\u00e9volution. Mais Condorcet, d\u00e8s avant la R\u00e9volution, r\u00e9futait ce syst\u00e8me de l\u2019\u00ab\u00a0\u00e9quilibre\u00a0\u00bb comme absurde\u00a0: \u00ab\u00a0Un esclave qui aurait deux ma\u00eetres, souvent divis\u00e9s entre eux, cesserait-il d\u2019\u00eatre esclave\u00a0?\u00a0\u00bb<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p class=\"citation-small\">\u00ab\u00a0Le gouvernement est comme toutes les choses du monde\u00a0; pour le conserver, il faut l\u2019aimer.\u00a0\u00bb\u202f<span id=\"1013\" class=\"cit-num\">1013<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"auteur\"><span class=\"caps\">MONTESQUIEU<\/span> (1689-1755), <em>L\u2019Esprit des Lois<\/em> (1748)<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>Th\u00e9orie mise \u00e0 part, cette phrase de grand bon sens explique tout, y compris le chaos politique du si\u00e8cle des Lumi\u00e8res et la mort d\u2019un Ancien R\u00e9gime mal aim\u00e9 de tous les Fran\u00e7ais, qu\u2019ils soient du peuple ou des ordres privil\u00e9gi\u00e9s.<\/p>\n<p>\u00ab\u00a0C\u2019est de l\u2019esprit sur les lois\u00a0\u00bb a dit Mme\u00a0du Deffand qui tient le plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bre salon du si\u00e8cle. C\u2019est \u00ab\u00a0le plus grand livre du <span class=\"caps\">XVIII<\/span>e si\u00e8cle\u00a0\u00bb, \u00e9crira au <span class=\"caps\">XIX<\/span>e le philosophe Paul Janet qui place <em>L\u2019Esprit des lois<\/em> aussi haut que la <em>Politique<\/em> d\u2019Aristote. Seule certitude, l\u2019<em>Encyclop\u00e9die<\/em> \u00e0 venir doit beaucoup \u00e0 cette derni\u00e8re \u0153uvre de Montesquieu. Et pendant la R\u00e9volution, le ma\u00eetre mot sera la vertu, au sens d\u2019amour de la patrie.<\/p>\n<p>Aujourd\u2019hui encore, la R\u00e9publique et la d\u00e9mocratie se r\u00e9f\u00e8rent \u00e0 Montesquieu\u00a0: pour sa classification des trois formes de gouvernement (r\u00e9publicain, monarchique, despotique) et pour son principe de la s\u00e9paration des pouvoirs (ex\u00e9cutif, l\u00e9gislatif, judiciaire).<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Lire aussi\u00a0:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/histoire-en-citations.fr\/WP\/montesquieu-l-etude-a-ete-pour-moi-le-souverain-remede\">Montesquieu\u00a0: \u00ab\u00a0L\u2019\u00e9tude a \u00e9t\u00e9 pour moi le souverain rem\u00e8de\u2026\u00a0\u00bb<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/histoire-en-citations.fr\/WP\/la-fureur-de-la-plupart-des-francais-c-est\">Montesquieu\u00a0: \u00ab\u00a0La fureur de la plupart des Fran\u00e7ais, c\u2019est d\u2019avoir de l\u2019esprit.\u00a0\u00bb<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/histoire-en-citations.fr\/WP\/montesquieu-les-lois-sont-les-rapports-necessaires\">Montesquieu\u00a0: \u00ab\u00a0Les lois [\u2026] sont les rapports n\u00e9cessaires qui d\u00e9rivent de la nature des choses.\u00a0\u00bb<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.histoire-en-citations.fr\/boutique\/volume-4\">Notre Chronique consacr\u00e9e au si\u00e8cle des Lumi\u00e8res (livre \u00e9lectronique)<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"ressi\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.histoire-en-citations.fr\/boutique\/volume-4\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/histoire-en-citations.fr\/WP\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/mini4-10.jpg\" alt=\"Si\u00e8cle des Lumi\u00e8res\" title=\"Si\u00e8cle des Lumi\u00e8res\" style=\"margin-left: 10px;margin-right: 10px;float: left\" height=\"201\" width=\"150\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u00c0 ce rythme \u2013 4 citations par jour \u2013 les 10 Chroniques de l\u2019Histoire en citations sont \u00e0 vous dans trois ans. Encore trois ans et vous aurez aussi le Dictionnaire. Mais que de temps perdu\u00a0!<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.histoire-en-citations.fr\/boutique\/volume-3\">Faites un tour dans la Boutique<\/a>, feuilletez les 20 premi\u00e8res pages de chaque volume et voyez si \u00e7a vaut le co\u00fbt (4 \u20ac le volume).<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<style>\r\n        a .cit-num {\r\n            text-decoration: none !important;\r\n            color: inherit !important;\r\n        }\r\n    <\/style>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u00ab\u00a0Il n&#8217;y a point encore de libert\u00e9 si la puissance de juger n&#8217;est pas s\u00e9par\u00e9e de la puissance l\u00e9gislative et de l&#8217;ex\u00e9cutrice.\u00a0\u00bb1011 MONTESQUIEU (1689-1755), L&#8217;Esprit des Lois (1748) C\u2019est le fameux principe de la s\u00e9paration des pouvoirs\u00a0: \u00ab\u00a0Tout serait perdu si le m\u00eame homme, ou le m\u00eame corps\u00a0 exer\u00e7ait ces trois pouvoirs\u00a0: celui de faire [&#8230;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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