{"id":5638,"date":"2016-03-05T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2016-03-04T23:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/histoire-en-citations.fr\/WP\/2025\/06\/23\/montesquieu-il-ny-a-point-encore-de-liberte-si-2\/"},"modified":"2025-07-19T09:10:07","modified_gmt":"2025-07-19T07:10:07","slug":"montesquieu-il-ny-a-point-encore-de-liberte-si-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/histoire-en-citations.fr\/WP\/montesquieu-il-ny-a-point-encore-de-liberte-si-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Montesquieu : \u00ab Il n&#039;y a point encore de libert\u00e9 si&#8230; \u00bb"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"field-item even\">\n<p><a title=\"Citations lumi\u00e8res histoire\" href=\"http:\/\/www.histoire-en-citations.fr\/boutique\/volume-4\" target=\"_blank\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/histoire-en-citations.fr\/WP\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/chronique_lumieres_citations.jpg\" alt=\"Citation si\u00e8cle lumi\u00e8res\" title=\"Montesquieu citations histoire\" style=\"margin-left: 10px;margin-right: 10px;float: left\" width=\"150\" height=\"199\"><\/a>Montesquieu est d\u2019abord magistrat de m\u00e9tier. <em>L\u2019Esprit des Lois<\/em> sera l\u2019\u0153uvre de sa vie. Publication en octobre\u00a01748\u00a0: succ\u00e8s consid\u00e9rable, 22 \u00e9ditions en un an et demi\u00a0! Mme du Deffand, parfaite salonni\u00e8re du si\u00e8cle, dit que \u00ab\u00a0C\u2019est de l\u2019esprit sur les lois\u00a0\u00bb. Ce n\u2019est qu\u2019un mot (d\u2019esprit). En fait, Montesquieu cr\u00e9e la science des lois.<\/p>\n<p>Toute d\u00e9mocratie digne de ce nom se r\u00e9f\u00e8re \u00e0 sa pens\u00e9e, comme toute philosophie se situe par rapport \u00e0 Descartes \u2013 y compris pour le contrer. Difficile de choisir une citation, mais s\u2019il ne fallait retenir qu\u2019une id\u00e9e force\u2026<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p class=\"citation\"><span class=\"enonce\">\u00ab\u00a0Il n\u2019y a point encore de libert\u00e9 si la puissance de juger n\u2019est pas s\u00e9par\u00e9e de la puissance l\u00e9gislative et de l\u2019ex\u00e9cutrice.\u00a0\u00bb<span id=\"1011\" class=\"cit-num\">1011<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"auteur\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.histoire-en-citations.fr\/indexation\/montesquieu\"><span data-href=\"\/auteurs\/baron-de-la-brede-et-de-montesquieu\"><span class=\"author\"><span class=\"name\"><span class=\"caps\">MONTESQUIEU<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a> (1689-1755), <cite><span class=\"caps\">L\u2019E<\/span>sprit des Lois<\/cite> (1748)<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>C\u2019est le fameux principe de la s\u00e9paration des pouvoirs\u00a0: \u00ab\u00a0Tout serait perdu si le m\u00eame homme, ou le m\u00eame corps exer\u00e7ait ces trois pouvoirs\u00a0: celui de faire les lois, celui d\u2019ex\u00e9cuter les r\u00e9solutions publiques, et celui de juger les crimes ou les diff\u00e9rends des particuliers.\u00a0\u00bb<\/p>\n<p>La constitution anglaise, monarchique en apparence, r\u00e9publicaine en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, pr\u00e9sente un bon \u00e9quilibre des trois pouvoirs\u00a0: elle s\u00e9duit fort le philosophe qui l\u2019a vu fonctionner sur place, comme Voltaire, \u00e9galement admirateur de cette monarchie (raisonnablement) constitutionnelle. En 1789, la<em> D\u00e9claration des droits de l\u2019homme et du citoyen<\/em> (article\u00a016) consacrera cette s\u00e9paration des pouvoirs.<\/p>\n<p>En plus de la s\u00e9paration des pouvoirs, Montesquieu souhaite leur \u00e9quilibre\u00a0: pouvoirs interm\u00e9diaires (noblesse, Parlements) face \u00e0 l\u2019arbitraire royal. D\u2019o\u00f9 une monarchie temp\u00e9r\u00e9e, tr\u00e8s loin du r\u00e9gime devenu despotique au <span class=\"caps\">XVII<\/span>e si\u00e8cle, sous Mazarin, Richelieu, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.histoire-en-citations.fr\/indexation\/louis-xiv\">Louis\u00a0<span class=\"caps\">XIV<\/span><\/a>. Les Monarchiens des premiers mois de la R\u00e9volution (tels Mirabeau, Talleyrand, La Fayette) tenteront de faire triompher cette \u00e9volution qui aurait fait l\u2019\u00e9conomie d\u2019une r\u00e9volution.<\/p>\n<p>Montesquieu cr\u00e9e une science des lois\u00a0: il cherche leur \u00ab\u00a0\u00e2me\u00a0\u00bb, discerne un ordre, une raison et s\u2019efforce de comprendre. D\u00e9marche parfois mal comprise\u00a0: expliquer l\u2019esclavage, le despotisme, les lois qui les instaurent, ce n\u2019est pas les justifier pour autant. Le philosophe dit seulement ce qui est, avant de dire ce qui devrait \u00eatre\u00a0: \u00ab\u00a0Les lois sont les rapports n\u00e9cessaires qui d\u00e9rivent de la nature des choses.\u00a0\u00bb<\/p>\n<p>Th\u00e9orie mise \u00e0 part, Montesquieu fait preuve d\u2019un grand bon sens\u00a0: \u00ab\u00a0Le gouvernement est comme toutes les choses du monde\u00a0; pour le conserver, il faut l\u2019aimer.\u00a0\u00bb Mine de rien, cette petite phrase explique tout, y compris le chaos politique du si\u00e8cle des Lumi\u00e8res et la mort d\u2019un Ancien R\u00e9gime mal aim\u00e9 de tous les Fran\u00e7ais, qu\u2019ils soient du peuple ou des ordres privil\u00e9gi\u00e9s.<\/p>\n<p>Mme du Deffand avait d\u00e9cid\u00e9ment tort\u00a0:<em> l\u2019Esprit des lois<\/em>, c\u2019est bien plus que de l\u2019esprit sur les <a href=\"http:\/\/www.histoire-en-citations.fr\/indexation\/lois\">lois<\/a>\u00a0!<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<style>\r\n        a .cit-num {\r\n            text-decoration: none !important;\r\n            color: inherit !important;\r\n        }\r\n    <\/style>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Montesquieu est d\u2019abord magistrat de m\u00e9tier. L\u2019Esprit des Lois sera l\u2019\u0153uvre de sa vie. Publication en octobre\u00a01748&nbsp;: succ\u00e8s consid\u00e9rable, 22 \u00e9ditions en un an et demi\u00a0! Mme du Deffand, parfaite salonni\u00e8re du si\u00e8cle, dit que \u00ab\u00a0C\u2019est de l\u2019esprit sur les lois\u00a0\u00bb. Ce n\u2019est qu\u2019un mot (d\u2019esprit). En fait, Montesquieu cr\u00e9e la science des lois.Toute d\u00e9mocratie [&#8230;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"iawp_total_views":5,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1588],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5638","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-baron-de-la-brede-et-de-montesquieu-charles-louis-de-secondat-baron-de-la-brede-et-de-montesquieu-citation-du-jour-executrice-juger-legislative-liberte-puissance-separee-siecle-des-lumieres"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/histoire-en-citations.fr\/WP\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5638","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/histoire-en-citations.fr\/WP\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/histoire-en-citations.fr\/WP\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/histoire-en-citations.fr\/WP\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/histoire-en-citations.fr\/WP\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5638"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/histoire-en-citations.fr\/WP\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5638\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5640,"href":"https:\/\/histoire-en-citations.fr\/WP\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5638\/revisions\/5640"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/histoire-en-citations.fr\/WP\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5638"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/histoire-en-citations.fr\/WP\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5638"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/histoire-en-citations.fr\/WP\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5638"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}